Upgrade Your Garage with Epoxy Garage Floors

Beyond Ordinary Floors: Refined Concrete Floor Covering as a Versatile and Lasting Choice



Seeking to update your floorings? Look no more than polished concrete flooring. With its many advantages and adaptability, it's the best choice for any type of home or company. Not only is polished concrete sustainable, however it likewise uses a vast array of design options to suit your style. And the best part? It's low upkeep, making it an easy flooring choice. Discover why polished concrete is the go-to choice for those who desire past average floorings.




Benefits of Polished Concrete Floor Covering



There's a factor why brightened concrete floor covering is coming to be a popular choice - it uses various advantages. Sleek concrete is durable and very resilient. Additionally, refined concrete is low-maintenance, requiring marginal initiative to keep clean and looking its finest.


An additional advantage of sleek concrete floor covering is its versatility. Polished concrete can also be stained or colored to include an unique touch and enhance the overall visual.


Furthermore, polished concrete is an environmentally friendly option. It does not require any kind of hazardous chemicals for upkeep or cleansing, reducing the effect on the setting. In addition, given that it makes use of the existing concrete piece, it gets rid of the requirement for extra materials, reducing waste and carbon footprint.




Versatility of Sleek Concrete Floor Covering



You can make use of refined concrete floors in various setups because of their adaptability and versatility. Whether it's a residential, business, or commercial space, polished concrete floorings use a series of benefits that make them a preferred option. In homes, they can be a contemporary and sleek choice to standard flooring alternatives like rug or hardwood. They give a low-maintenance and resilient surface that can stand up to heavy foot website traffic and is immune to stains and spills. In industrial settings such as retailers or dining establishments, brightened concrete floors can create a sleek and professional appearance. They can be personalized with various colors and coatings to match the aesthetic of the room. Polished concrete floorings are also a lasting selection, as they are made from existing concrete slabs and do not call for additional products. They can be an exceptional alternative for industrial rooms, as they can endure the damage of hefty equipment and devices. Overall, refined concrete floorings offer convenience and versatility, making them a sensible and stylish option for any kind of setup (self level concrete).




 



Sustainability of Polished Concrete Floor Covering



When considering options for your room, it is essential to note the sustainability of sleek concrete floorings. With expanding problems concerning ecological effect, selecting sustainable flooring is a smart selection. Sleek concrete floorings provide various benefits that contribute to a greener setting.




Polished Concrete FloorsPolished Concrete
First of all, sleek concrete floors are extremely sturdy, which implies they have a longer life-span compared to other flooring alternatives. This reduces the need for substitute and decreases waste. Additionally, the production process of refined concrete floorings calls for fewer resources and produces much less waste contrasted to various other floor covering products.


Furthermore, refined concrete floors have exceptional thermal properties, helping to control temperature and minimize power intake. They can soak up warmth during the day and release it during cooler evenings, decreasing the need for extreme use home heating or cooling down systems.


An additional sustainability facet of sleek concrete floorings is their reduced upkeep demands - polished concrete. They are immune to scrapes, discolorations, and spills, decreasing the need for severe chemicals and excessive water use for cleansing




Finally, polished concrete floorings can be set up without the demand for extra products like adhesives or carpets, which usually consist of hazardous chemicals. This adds to better interior air quality and lowers the release of unpredictable find this organic substances (VOCs) into the atmosphere.




Layout Options for Refined Concrete Floor Covering



One of the advantages of polished concrete floors is the wide variety of layout options offered. With brightened concrete, you have the capability to develop a truly one-of-a-kind and customized look for your area. Whether you like a modern-day and sleek aesthetic or an extra rustic and industrial feel, there are layout choices that can accommodate your preferences.




Epoxy Garage FloorResidential Epoxy Floors
One prominent layout choice is the usage of ornamental accumulations. These aggregates, such as tinted glass or a fantastic read natural rock, can be included to the concrete mix to produce a stunning visual result.


Furthermore, you have the alternative to customize the shade of your polished concrete floors. By making use of discolorations or dyes, you can achieve a wide variety of colors, from natural tones to vibrant shades. Epoxy Floors. The shade can be used uniformly or in a variegated way, permitting much more style opportunities




Upkeep and Treatment for Polished Concrete Flooring



To maintain your sleek concrete floorings looking their best, it's crucial to adhere to a normal maintenance routine. On a regular basis sweeping or vacuuming your floorings will help eliminate any type of dust or particles that can damage the surface. For more extensive cleansing, you can wipe the floorings with a pH-neutral cleaner and cozy water. Stay clear see it here of making use of abrasive cleaners or severe chemicals, as they can damage the surface. It's likewise crucial to swiftly cleanse up any kind of spills to protect against discoloration. To shield your floorings from scuffs and scrapes, area floor coverings or carpets in high website traffic locations, and make use of furnishings pads under the legs of your furnishings. In addition, it's an excellent concept to regularly reapply a concrete sealant to keep your floors looking secured and glossy. Take into consideration organizing routine expert maintenance to maintain your refined concrete floors in optimal problem. By complying with these easy maintenance tips, you can make certain that your sleek concrete floors remain beautiful and durable for many years to come.




Verdict



Finally, polished concrete floor covering offers a myriad of advantages for your space. Its convenience enables it to enhance any type of layout style, while its sustainability makes it an environmentally friendly selection. With different layout options offered, you can create a special and stylish look that matches your preferences. Furthermore, the reduced maintenance and simple treatment requirements make it a economical and sensible flooring alternative. So why choose normal floors when you can have the amazing beauty and performance of sleek concrete?


Refined concrete floorings are additionally a lasting selection, as they are made from existing concrete slabs and do not require additional materials.When thinking about choices for your area, it's essential to note the sustainability of refined concrete floors.Firstly, polished concrete floors are very durable, which means they have a longer lifespan compared to other floor covering alternatives. In addition, the manufacturing process of refined concrete floors requires less sources and creates much less waste compared to other floor covering products.


One of the advantages of refined concrete floors is the wide array of style choices available.

 

Our Advanced Site Engineering Surveys Ltd Diaries

Land Surveying Can Be Fun For Anyone


They use specific equipment like GPSs, prisms, software program, radios as well as robotic complete stations to complete the study. While there are a selection of checking occupations to go after, they all bring with them comparable benefits: As a surveyor, you have the ability to function in the economic sector or obtain positions in government organizations.


Lots of industries can not operate without the usage of a land surveyor's competence. Continuing education is important to land surveying, as well as is the best profession choice for those that such as to remain on top of market patterns. Depending upon the position you choose as a certified land property surveyor, there are opportunities to work outdoors in the field, in a workplace setting, or a combination of both.




 


When seeking this degree, trainees spend many of their time outside the classroom discovering principles of illustration, mapping, measuring, and also gathering and also examining information. While an affiliates or bachelor's level is not needed to operate in the land evaluating market, it is generally needed to obtain licensure. There are however, other functions such as field or preparing technician, that do not call for a level yet instead on duty experience as well as training.




Little Known Facts About Land Surveying Services London.


In Ohio, only those specialist surveyor licensed by the State of Ohio Engineers and also Surveyors Board are licensed to perform land surveys. Once you end up being a licensed surveyor, you will require to complete a certain number of hours of land property surveyor continuing education and learning occasionally in order to renew your certificate.




Advanced Site Engineering Surveys LtdAdvanced Site Engineering Surveys Ltd


Land surveying is among the globe's oldest occupations and has verified to be in high need historically and also is likely to be for the foreseeable future. At Mc, Steen, our group of study specialists is our greatest possession as well as we are constantly aiming to construct on it. Over the years we have actually put together an amazing team, many of whom have been with us throughout of their profession.


As a surveyor, you chart and also determine sites. You assemble info about natural and also manufactured features, buildings and also borders, and map the form of the land to make accurate plans. Your site strategies are be made use of by designers and also civil designers to plan construction tasks or in lots of other applications.




Getting The Ases Land Surveying Services To Work


Some people become surveyors by working for a checking practice and completing a range finding out course with the University University of Estate Monitoring. An apprenticeship with a land surveying business is an excellent method right into the market.


Your time will certainly be divided in between on-the-job experience as well as a college or training service provider. You might start your occupation as a checking professional or a geospatial survey professional. Learn what the entrance demands are where you live. Job experience is vital to obtaining employment within the construction market. You could obtain this site web at school, or by functioning weekends and vacations with a business or relative that functions in building and construction.


You can request legal condition via the Royal Establishment of Chartered Surveyors (RICS). This will boost your task leads as well as you can make a higher income. With experience, you can come to be a project or contract supervisor, or specialise in an area such as offshore design or construction surveying. Some surveyor function as freelance specialists or sub-contractors.




Some Ideas on Site Surveys You Should Know


Uploaded March 10, 2022 There are several strategies and also approaches land property surveyors use on a building website to boost the effectiveness and effectiveness of the task for building tasks to run smoothly. Much of the job is seeing to it development is being made in a project, and also that it will be ended up without discussing budget or using even more time than planned.




Site SurveysSite Surveys
Taken from "Building and construction laying is the process of taking planned improvements as well as buildings, and after that really mapping them out on the site where the building will certainly take area. It plays a crucial role in assisting an organization make the jump from plans and blueprints to real construction job." This process is to offer as a significant piece of the supposed problem that is being intended when constructing strategies are stated.


This process is extremely useful in the success of a building task. For surveyor, there responsibility is to specifically place risks where the blueprint prepares compare for the project. Building and construction staking is something that is critical in the building project. Without utilizing a land surveyor to supply their services in the field on a particular building and construction task, the job as well as project itself will certainly suffer major repercussions. Site Surveys.




Ases London - The Facts


With years of experience in the area, we can guarantee that your project runs efficiently and prompt with our land checking solutions.


Director UK Pro Build Ltd, We have actually worked well with David as a setting-out designer but lately got the opportunity to witness the company's newest 3D modelling of a real-time site through drone capture and modelling software program as original site well as was absolutely surprised! The applications for this output are endless, recording heritage assets more helpful hints as well as 3d models of gallery items has been mooted BUT, with David a CAA Registered pilot the CDM Health as well as Security elements of the service truly jump out at me: Checking a building after fire damages, no risk to the property surveyor as well as much more secure planning for the building and construction group, chances to conserve buildings which could otherwise be destroyed.


take a look at David's job and also ask for a quote, you'll be shocked just how much you conserve on finding out the true scenario beyond your practical sight lines.

 

Getting My Material Testing Labs To Work

Getting The Material Testing Labs To Work

 

For the compressive stamina examination, 3 examples from every batch are to be taken. This test is additionally known as the dice examination as the cubes of concrete are used with immense pressure in order to determine the workability, strength along with the snapping point of the high toughness mix concrete For the examination, the concrete is put into molds while keeping the ample temperature level to make certain that there are no feasible voids in the cube of the concrete.


It is made sure that the top layer of the cube is smooth. Cement paste can help you in order to achieve this. Nearly all of the shayona concrete in Lilongwe goes through the water leaks in the structure test. When you are servicing a brand-new building task, whatever structure you are constructing, the key purpose is to ensure that water should not be able to leak in with the framework as it can interfere with the toughness of the framework.


Other than that of water molecules, chloride ions can also interrupt the stamina of the framework if they are permitted to penetrate through the concrete. This test is carried out on hardened concrete. This test requires to preserve a voltage across the ends of the concrete cyndrical tube of regarding 60V DC.

 

 

 

The Greatest Guide To Material Testing Labs


While the penetration of water with high stamina mix concrete must be stayed clear of in every possible fashion, it is likewise necessary to ensure while the concrete is setting it should be able to absorb a clear-cut quantity of water, this is determined by the water absorption examination. The supervisor takes account of the change in the dimension of the concrete example as an outcome of the absorption of water.




Hopefully, all the tips that have actually been resolved to considerable sizes in this short article will offer you with the right collection of tests to conduct for establishing the high quality and also toughness of the concrete. High Toughness concrete supplied by Insta, Crete undertakes all such high quality tests so that you can obtain your hands on concrete which is of premium high quality.


The concrete mixing plant sees to it that the blending of the concrete happens in a contained setting to make sure that the preferable qualities of the concrete continue to be intact. The on-line platform can offer you with high stamina mix concrete at amazing costs which can be a little bit difficult to discover someplace else.

 

 

 

Not known Facts About Material Testing Labs


Concrete is just one of the most essential as well as favored products in the construction industry. Concrete includes raw products consisting of cement, sand, aggregates, admixtures, you can try this out and water. All these resources are blended up in a particular percentage to develop concrete, according to the requirements. Concrete is commonly utilized for the building and construction of elements like columns, beams, walls, lintels, slabs, copings, as well as structures so on.


The high quality of concrete must be inspected, maintained, and likewise should be dealt with if the level of top quality criteria does not match the needed degree of quality. If the top quality of concrete is substandard, it may have a negative impact on the building. The quality of concrete is signed in three dierent phases of building and construction.


Allow us study all the three phases of top quality control of concrete thoroughly. Before the concrete is even prepared, the top quality of raw products will be inspected, and only after that they are blended in a called for percentage to form fresh concrete. The quality of raw materials is directly pertaining to the top quality of concrete.

 

 

 

6 Simple Techniques For Material Testing Labs


They are as complies with:- Action -1: Test for high quality of products made use of in concrete Step 2: different tests on fresh concrete for its top quality check (material testing labs). Concrete is made up of concrete, sand, accumulations, and also water, respectively. So it is required to have a look for the high quality of every one of these materials.


There are a couple of factors which are vital and ought to be taken treatment of to regulate the quality of cement before the start of concreting. They are:- Cement should be checked prior to Go Here it's included to the concrete mix.


If huge swellings of concrete are located in the cement bags, it should not be accepted. Aggregates have dierent homes such as form, dimension, qualities, water absorption, resilience, specific gravity, etc. All of these residential properties need to be examined for the example of accumulations which are to be made use of while preparing the concrete.

 

 

 

The Ultimate Guide To Material Testing Labs


The accumulations need to be difficult and solid enough to give appropriate see here toughness to toes concrete. If the accumulations are immersed undersea for 24 hours, the water web content ought to not go beyond 10%.


20 mm as well as 10 mm aggregates will be taken in the proportion of 70:30 or 60:40 to enable better compaction as well as to achieve a greater thickness of concrete. Some points to keep in mind while inspecting the top quality of sand or great accumulations. Sand utilized for making concrete shall maintain on 150-micron sieve as well as should pass 4 (material testing labs).

 

 

 

material testing labsmaterial testing labs
Water is an essential aspect of concrete. The amount and also top quality of water determine the top quality of concrete.

 

 

 

Not known Details About Material Testing Labs

 

material testing labsmaterial testing labs

 



Contaminations in water. To ensure the quality of water, a minimum of 3 dices of concrete ought to be cast making use of that certain example of water, and the compressive strength of concrete after 28 days ought to be determined. If the compressive stamina is less than 90 %, it is encouraged to reject the sample of water.
 

Not known Details About Special Inspections Nyc

More About Special Inspections Nyc


Oftentimes, the certified service technician also provides special inspections (SI) as needed by the neighborhood code department. Unique examinations are a proactive approach of boosting public safety and security by making certain that buildings as well as various other vital frameworks are created in accordance with style records, specs, and also accepted store illustrations. The PE can count on a licensed assessor to inspect or evaluate the construction product for which they have direct training and also experience.


Code authorities throughout the United States are needing that examiners be licensed to a certain level in the location they are inspecting. Several code authorities are currently needing PEs to also be licensed (in addition to being certified) in any locations calling for unique inspections if the PE will certainly be making those inspections.




special inspections nycspecial inspections nyc


Numerous engineering companies likewise provide lab screening solutions. Per ASTM requirements, inspection, testing, unique assessment, and laboratory services have to be under the direction of an expert designer who is a full-time worker. The PE does not generally perform the screening but appoints it to a laboratory supervisor. The supervisor, and the screening service technicians, need to have experience in the pertinent screening being done as well as be accredited.




Some Known Details About Special Inspections Nyc


It likewise makes economic sense to use certified service technicians in lab services; screening would be more expensive if the PE performed it. These areas should also be under the direction of a full time specialist designer according to ASTM criteria. The area supervisor, testing specialist, and also examiners should have experience in the certain sorts of field solutions, and they must be licensed.


Specific qualification as well as experience might be called for to perform details building and construction materials' inspections. The requirement may be from job specifications for the product, in the top quality area of project specifications, or from the regional code department. These are four areas where the PE and also the licensed specialist can interact to benefit the end result.


The much better certified the group, the much better the construction effort. PEs need to understand that there are various levels of accreditation. In this write-up, recommendation has actually been made to certifications including both technical knowledge and experience. The use of NICET-licensed service technicians, who have verified experience along with technological expertise, can be invaluable.




Getting My Special Inspections Nyc To Work


 


A Level III accreditation needs a minimum of 5 years' experience, as well as a Level IV accreditation needs a minimum of 10 years' experience. A lot of "accredited" professionals passed an examination, yet do not have actually proven experience records. PEs should demand certified specialists and also assessors, as only then can they be positive of testing as well as reporting precision.


A strong collaboration can be created that will most absolutely lead to an effective task. Just recently, on an airport project, the examination section for the concrete paving was kept an eye on by a well-qualified paving examiner. After the construction monitoring team regarded the test section disappointing, the her explanation examiner suggested to the project PE that a pre-work meeting be held prior to attempting the second test section - special inspections nyc.


While assessors do not direct professionals on methods and also methods, the inspector was able to give out the task specs with certain issue-related areas highlighted. After reviewing, the inspector after that gave the meeting participants with an ideal practices hand-operated with the exact same problems tabbed. The second test section was deemed satisfying, and the begin of production was also much better.




The Ultimate Guide To Special Inspections Nyc


The National Council of Structural Engineers Associations (NCSEA) recently provided a setting statement on special examinations clarifying their relevance to protecting the general public. One assertion made in this statement is that unique evaluations are "crucial for the sufficient performance of any kind of project." While several layout specialists have a very clear understanding of the special inspection requirements of the International Building Regulations (IBC), there are likewise many that still do not understand the importance of Chapter 17 nor the duty they play in making sure appropriate performance of unique evaluations.


The whole design team need to coordinate the general unique inspection as well as testing needs for each job. The next action is to put together these requirements right into one project-specific Statement of Unique Evaluations (SSI). The SSI can be consisted of in the building and construction records or as a different record to be submitted to the building authorities.




special inspections nycspecial inspections nyc
As formerly referenced, the style specialist in accountable cost is needed to supply an SSI more information for every task. The SSI offered on a lot of jobs is frequently missing many of the key components required by the IBC.




The Definitive Guide for Special Inspections Nyc


All products that are vital to life-safety as well as building protection, and need special knowledge, call for special evaluations. Some specialty products that might additionally need special examinations and also examinations consist of deep excavation shoring, fiber-reinforced-polymer installments, etc. Not just need to the materials, as noted above, be provided in the SSI, but the type as well as level of the assessments and also examinations need to be cleared up.


As well often, the SSI given for a certain task does not list the details seismic- as well as wind-related unique evaluations and examinations as laid out in Sections 1705. In previous variations of the IBC, the wind and also seismic needs had separate areas within the code as well as were usually overlooked.


Each SSI should plainly specify the certain wind as well as seismic demands. Considering that the term "Declaration of Unique Assessment" was included in the 2006 version of the IBC, the need is to note particularly whether or not a certain find more info unique assessment or test is to be "continuously" or "periodically" executed - special inspections nyc. Terms problems have become increasingly difficult since referenced standards lay out numerous of the special evaluation demands.




Not known Facts About Special Inspections Nyc


special inspections nycspecial inspections nyc
Terminologies are made clear in the 2015 IBC, as it specifies, "identification regarding whether it will be continuous special assessment, routine special inspection or carried out based on the notation made use of in the referenced requirement where the evaluations are specified. special inspections nyc." The SSI needs to note the regularity of the special evaluations or examinations to be executed, no matter the term used.

 

Nyc Special Inspections Things To Know Before You Buy

Examine This Report about Nyc Special Inspections


The need for unique inspections together with the scope is established throughout the permitting process. The code authorities in addition to the style expert will establish if the project needs unique evaluations. This resolution is followed by the preparation of a Declaration of Unique Examinations by the design or assessment specialist.


The task proprietor should employ an unique examination firm and these special evaluations might commence upon the start of building. There are several kinds of special inspections related to structural components, life security products, fire proofing, as well as seismic considerations. One of the most common special inspections products in Virginia are: site/soil testing, footing/foundation and concrete, stonework, as well as architectural steel.


The special assessor is responsible for determining the suitability of materials to be made use of for pad preparation. Common materials contain tidy fill soils, quarry screenings, aggregates, or recycled concrete accumulations. As soon as compliance of the product has actually been established, the special examinations company finishes testing of the site subgrade and compaction of the fill dirts.




Nyc Special Inspections Fundamentals Explained




The fill needs to comply with task specs for density and also wetness material. Upon adequate completion of all fill products, the building pad undergoes a proofroll examination for final approval. The proofroll requires packing the pad with large rubber weary tools (15,000+ pounds axial lots) to expose locations of deflection, pumping, or rutting.


Footing/Foundation/Slab and also Concrete: Throughout footing excavation the unique inspector will certainly validate that the base of excavations fulfill needs for dirt bearing and also condition. The examiner will certainly additionally validate that the excavation deepness, measurements of the grounds, and rebar placement satisfy the authorized plans and specifications. During concrete placement the inspector will certainly complete area screening of the concrete at the task site.


Compressive stamina examination samplings are also cast onsite during the placement of the concrete. These examination samplings are healed at the screening research laboratory and after that examined at numerous ages to figure out the compressive stamina of the concrete. Conformity with compressive strength design needs is critical to the architectural layout and also functionality of the building.




Nyc Special Inspections Can Be Fun For Anyone


nyc special inspectionsnyc special inspections
The special assessor will validate that the appropriate kind and dimension of stonework units are being made use of - nyc special inspections. Mortar prisms/cubes are cast and checked sometimes to guarantee the mortar made use of for masonry block links are compliant with design toughness. For huge walls or walls in an out of balance fill problem, the masonry devices may be called for to consist of steel reinforcement as well as grout fill.




 


The screening and also assessment reports come to be a crucial element of last examination as well as issuance of Web Site the Certificate of Tenancy. Unique inspections are an indispensable function in the overall building and also success of a huge building project. The examiner plays a vital duty for the project owner/developer as well as is responsible to make sure compliance with code, plans, as well as specs.


It is necessary for the owner to employ a certified examinations firm to supervise this procedure. The company must have certified engineers or designers with experience in the special evaluations procedure as well as analysis of building regulations. The field assessors need to be licensed by suitable companies for the details examination task they are meeting.




Nyc Special Inspections Things To Know Before You Get This


Unique Examinations involve the assessment of products, workmanship, and the interpretation of agreement records. Chapter 17 of the Ohio Building Code information the called for Special Assessments for 20 groups of building work. nyc special inspections. Each municipality has special Special Examination needs. Special Evaluations are separate and in enhancement to building screening services.


Part 1 includes a complete listing of work needing Unique Assessments as well as the frequency of evaluations as called for by Chapter 17 of the Ohio Building Regulations and also the regional community. Component 2 of the SSI is then completed by the special inspection business. Component 2 lists the Unique Examiners who will do each of the required Unique Assessments.




nyc special inspectionsnyc special inspections
Unique Assessors are employed by the Proprietor or by the Registered Style Specialist acting as the Proprietor's agent. At the completion of the called for inspections, the Inspector submits a Representative's Final Record Bonuses of Unique Inspections to the Special Evaluation Planner. A tenancy license will certainly not be issued without a completed and also accepted Last Report For Unique Assessments.




Some Ideas on Nyc Special Inspections You Should Know


Defined concrete elements like cast-in-place concrete requirement to comply with the building code as well as call for inspection. Other structural components can include floor covering structures, pre-stressed concrete, reinforced concrete, as well as post-tensioned concrete. Special assessments also test as well as example fresh concrete made use of on the website. Concrete evaluations might additionally include installation observation of formwork, anchor bolts as well as enhancing steel (nyc special inspections).


The layout tons went with a modification in current years influencing masonry. Our unique examiners will validate site-prepared cement and mortar to guarantee they comply with the approved strategy and building and construction criteria.


Our qualified inspectors will certainly guarantee that all steel links abide by the defined acceptable standards. We will make use of mechanical, visual, non-destructive and harmful methods to test the steel components as per need. Elements like hot-rolled steel and also cold-formed steel need examinations for fire-resistant materials and also fire-resistant finishes. You will certainly additionally require inspections for steel maker and construction treatments based on IBC criteria.




Our Nyc Special Inspections Diaries


You will certainly need special inspections for architectural steel as well as any steel construction various other than structural steel. Any type of welding as well as weld filler material additionally come under the range of special assessments.


The unique inspector needs to look at various components while carrying out the inspection relevant to timber. Material verification is additionally required for sheathing and framing products, connections as well as click here to read bolts.

 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15